Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition that affects how individuals perceive and interact with the world. While autism itself presents a wide range of characteristics and strengths, many autistic children also experience additional challenges known as co-occurring conditions. These conditions can significantly influence a child’s learning, behaviour, and overall development.
At Supporting Learning for Children with Needs (SLCN), we believe that understanding these co-occurring conditions is essential for creating inclusive, supportive environments where autistic children can thrive. This blog post offers an A–Z guide to common co-occurring conditions, helping educators, therapists, and families better support children with diverse needs.
Co-occurring conditions are additional diagnoses or challenges that frequently appear alongside autism. These can include medical, psychological, developmental, and behavioural conditions. Importantly, they may emerge at any point during childhood, adolescence, or even adulthood.
Some co-occurring conditions are present from birth, while others develop over time. Recognising and addressing these conditions early can lead to more effective support strategies and improved outcomes for autistic children.
Understanding co-occurring conditions is vital because:
By identifying and supporting these conditions, families and professionals can tailor interventions to meet the whole child’s needs, not just their autism diagnosis.
Anxiety is one of the most common co-occurring conditions in autistic children. It can manifest as generalised anxiety, social anxiety, or specific phobias. Children may experience intense worry, avoidance behaviours, or physical symptoms like stomach aches and sleep disturbances.
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Autistic children may exhibit behaviours such as meltdowns, aggression, or self-injury, often as a response to sensory overload or communication difficulties.
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Many autistic children have speech and language delays, non-verbal communication styles, or pragmatic language difficulties (e.g., understanding sarcasm or body language).
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Though less common in younger children, depression can emerge in adolescence. It may present as withdrawal, low mood, or loss of interest in activities.
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Approximately 20–30% of autistic individuals also have epilepsy. Seizures can vary in type and severity, and may impact learning and behaviour.
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Autistic children may have restricted diets, food aversions, or sensory-based eating difficulties. Some may also experience Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID).
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Constipation, diarrhoea, and abdominal pain are common in autistic children and can affect mood, behaviour, and concentration.
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Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) often co-occurs with autism. Children may struggle with impulsivity, inattention, and hyperactivity.
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Some autistic children also have an intellectual disability, affecting cognitive development, problem-solving, and academic achievement.
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Loose joints and poor muscle tone can affect motor coordination, balance, and fine motor skills.
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Though rare, some autistic children may struggle with impulse control, leading to behaviours like stealing or compulsive actions.
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Specific learning disabilities (e.g., dyslexia, dyscalculia) may co-occur with autism, affecting reading, writing, or maths skills.
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Dyspraxia or Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) can affect gross and fine motor skills, making tasks like handwriting or sports challenging.
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NVLD affects visual-spatial processing, social perception, and motor coordination, and may overlap with autism traits.
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OCD involves intrusive thoughts and compulsive behaviours. It can be difficult to distinguish from autism-related routines or stimming.
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Autistic children may be more vulnerable to trauma due to communication barriers and sensory sensitivities. PTSD can manifest as regression, nightmares, or hypervigilance.
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While not a disorder, intense or unusual interests are common in autism. These can be a source of joy, learning, and connection.
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Sleep issues such as insomnia, night waking, or difficulty falling asleep are common and can affect behaviour and learning.
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Autistic children may be hypersensitive or hyposensitive to sensory input (e.g., sounds, textures, lights), leading to distress or avoidance.
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Tourette’s involves motor and vocal tics and may co-occur with autism. Tics can be disruptive and misunderstood.
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Toileting difficulties, including enuresis (bedwetting) or urinary urgency, may be linked to sensory or developmental delays.
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Some autistic children may have vision problems that affect learning and social interaction.
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Some children may wander or run away from safe environments, posing safety risks.
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Genetic conditions like Fragile X Syndrome may co-occur with autism and affect cognitive and behavioural development.
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Mental health challenges such as bipolar disorder or schizophrenia may emerge in adolescence or early adulthood.
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Some autistic children may appear to “zone out” or dissociate, especially during stress or sensory overload.
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Autism is a spectrum, and every autistic child is unique. Co-occurring conditions add layers of complexity—but also opportunities for targeted support, compassionate care, and holistic development.
At SLCN, we’re committed to walking alongside families, educators, and therapists to ensure every child receives the support they need. Whether it’s through speech therapy, occupational therapy, behavioural support, or creative interventions, we believe in empowering children to reach their full potential.
If you suspect your child may be experiencing a co-occurring condition, don’t wait. Reach out to your GP, paediatrician, or contact us at www.slcn.com.au for guidance and support.
Together, we can build a world where every child is understood, supported, and celebrated.
